What aspect of learning does the concept of 'iceberg' in Cummins' theory refer to?

The concept of 'iceberg' in Cummins' theory refers to the hidden similarities that aid language acquisition. This metaphor illustrates that while a language learner's visible skills (like speaking and writing) may only represent the tip of the iceberg, the underlying cognitive and academic skills (the larger portion underwater) play a crucial role in language learning.

These foundational skills often transfer across languages, supporting learners in their acquisition of both social and academic language proficiency. Understanding how cognitive processes established in a learner's first language can facilitate mastery of a second language is vital for educators. By recognizing these hidden similarities, educators can create more effective strategies that leverage a student's existing knowledge and experiences, ultimately aiding in their overall language development.

The focus on hidden similarities emphasizes the importance of deeper linguistic and cognitive connections rather than just the overt differences in language structures or cultural elements, which are considered in other contexts but are not the main focus of Cummins' iceberg analogy.