What does CALP stand for?

Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) refers to the proficiency needed to understand and use language in academic contexts. This concept, introduced by Jim Cummins, highlights the distinction between everyday language skills (often referred to as Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills, or BICS) and the more complex language needed to succeed in formal education settings. CALP encompasses the ability to process language used in textbooks, engage in discussions about academic subjects, and complete written assignments—all of which require a higher level of linguistic and cognitive skills.

Understanding CALP is essential for educators, especially in environments with English Language Learners (ELLs), as it emphasizes the importance of developing strong academic language skills to ensure that students can effectively participate in and benefit from the curriculum. This is particularly significant because many students may become proficient in conversational English (BICS) but still struggle in academic settings without the necessary CALP. Educators can support the development of CALP by providing focused instruction that incorporates academic language practice across various content areas.